Methods and compositions for plant pest control

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to controlling nematode infestation. The invention discloses methods and compositions for use in controlling nematode infestation by providing recombinant DNA molecules to the cells of a plant in order to achieve a reduction in nematode infestation. The invention is also directed to methods for making transgenic plants that express the recombinant DNA molecule for use in protecting plants from nematode infestation.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 61/027,473, filed Feb. 10, 2008, the entire disclosure of whichis incorporated herein by reference.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING IN COMPUTER READABLE FORM

The Sequence Listing, which is a part of the present disclosure,includes a computer readable form 96 KB file entitled“MNDI005WOsequence” comprising nucleotide sequences of the presentinvention submitted via EFS-Web. The subject matter of the SequenceListing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for pest orpathogen control in plants. More particularly, it discloses transgenicplant cells, plants and seeds comprising recombinant DNA and methods ofmaking and using such plant cells, plants and seeds that are associatedwith pest resistance.

2. Description of Related Art

Plants and animals are targets for infection by many nematode pests.Improved methods for protecting plants from nematode infection aretherefore desired since they would increase the amount and stability offood production.

There are numerous plant-parasitic nematode species, including variouscyst nematodes (e.g. Heterodera spp.), root knot nematodes (e.g.Meloidogyne spp.), lesion nematodes (e.g. Pratylenchus spp.), daggernematodes (e.g. Xiphinema spp.) and stem and bulb nematodes (e.g.Ditylenchus spp.), among others. Tylenchid nematodes (members of theorder Tylenchida), including the families Heteroderidae, Meloidogynidae,and Pratylenchidae, are the largest and most economically importantgroup of plant-parasitic nematodes. Other important plant-parasiticnematodes include Dorylaimid nematodes (e.g. Xiphinenza spp.), amongothers. Nematode species grow through a series of lifecycle stages andmolts. Typically, there are five stages and four molts: egg stage; J1(i.e. first juvenile stage); M1 (i.e. first molt); J2 (second juvenilestage; sometimes hatch from egg); M2; J3; M3; J4; M4; A (adult).Juvenile (“J”) stages are also sometimes referred to as larval (“L”)stages. Gene expression may be specific to one or more lifecycle stages.Nematodes have evolved as very successful parasites of both plants andanimals and are responsible for significant economic losses inagriculture and livestock and for morbidity and mortality in humans.Nematode parasites of plants can inhabit all parts of plants, includingroots, developing flower buds, leaves, and stems. Plant parasites areclassified on the basis of their feeding habits into the broadcategories migratory ectoparasites, migratory endoparasites, andsedentary endoparasites. Sedentary endoparasites, which include the rootknot nematodes (Meloidogyne species, RKN), cyst nematodes (Globodera andHeterodera species) and reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus species)induce feeding sites and establish long-term infections within rootsthat are often very damaging to crops. Nematode infection is asignificant problem in the farming of many agriculturally significantcrops. For example, soybean cyst nematode (Heteodera glycines, SCN) isbelieved to be responsible for yield losses in soybeans estimated to bein excess of $1 billion per year in North America. Such damage is theresult of the stunting of the soybean plant caused by the cyst nematode.The stunted plants have smaller root systems, show symptoms of mineraldeficiencies in their leaves, and wilt easily. It is estimated thatparasitic nematodes cost the horticulture and agriculture industries inexcess of $78 billion worldwide a year, based on an estimated average 12percent annual loss spread across all major crops.

Traditional approaches for control of plant diseases have been the useof chemical treatment and the construction of interspecific hybridsbetween resistant crops and their wild-type relatives as sources ofresistant germplasm. Chemical nematode control agents are not effectivein eradicating nematode infestations. Because of the lack ofselectivity, the chemical nematode control agents exert their effects onnon-target fauna as well, often effectively sterilizing a field for aperiod of time following the application of nematode control agents.Nematicides such as Aldicarb and its environmental breakdown productsare known to be highly toxic to mammals. As a result, governmentrestrictions have been imposed on the use of these chemicals. The mostwidely used nematicide, methyl bromide, is scheduled to be soon retiredfrom use, and at present, there is no promising candidate to replacethis treatment.

Methods employing plant biotechnology have provided effective means tocontrol insect infestations, for instance through plant expression of aninsect control agent. Biotechnologically-related nematode control agentshave generally been reported to be nucleotides expressed by a plant thatare selectively toxic to the target nematode when ingested by thenematode. However, there are few examples of effectively appliedbiotechnology methods to control nematode infection.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides agents effective as a plantnematode control agent. The effective compounds are, in one embodiment,methylketones not previously known to be toxic to plant parasiticnematodes. Additionally, the inventors have developed compositions andmethods to express methylketones, such as 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanoneand 2-pentadecanone, in the roots of plants that nematodes infect, toreduce or inhibit nematode growth, development, or the plant diseasecaused by nematode infection. In particular embodiments the methodcomprises production of transgenic plants containing one or moretransgenes that provide for the production of 2-undecanone,2-tridecanone and/or 2-pentadecanone in plant tissues susceptible tonematode infection.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for construction anduse of a transgene expression cassette comprising a methylketonesynthase coding region and expression of the synthase in a plant cell,particularly the root cells of a plant. The invention provides for atransgenic plant comprising the transgene wherein the roots of thetransgenic plant produce a methylketonc. The methylketone synthasetransgene, in certain embodiments, additionally comprises a sequenceregion comprising a heterologous plastid transit peptide molecule inoperable linkage to the methylketone synthase coding region. By“heterologous” it is meant that a given sequence is not in its nativecontext with respect to any other referenced sequence. Thus one sequencemay be heterologous with respect to second, operably linked, sequencewhere both sequences can be isolated from the same species, but will benot be in their native orientation. A heterologous transit peptideoperably linked to a given methylketone synthase coding region istherefore not a transit peptide normally found in nature in anunmodified state in operable linkage to the methylketone synthase codingregion.

In yet another aspect of the invention, modified DNA coding sequencescomprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 are provided that encode a methylketonesynthase of SEQ ID NO: 3; SEQ ID NO: 4 is provided encoding themethylketone synthase of SEQ ID NO: 5; and SEQ ID NO: 6 is providedencoding the methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 7. In certain embodiments,the DNA coding sequence encoding a polypeptide with methylketonesynthase activity shares at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%percent sequence identity to any one or more of said SEQ ID NOs.

In still yet another aspect of the invention, a heterologous fusionprotein is provided that comprises a plastid transit peptide molecule(such as SEQ ID NO: 9 or 11) and a methylketone synthase molecule (suchas SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 or 27) or methylketone synthasemolecule variant (such as SEQ ID NO: 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, or 39) withmethylketone synthase activity, or a methylketone synthase moleculehaving at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% percent sequenceidentity to any one or more of said SEQ ID NOs.

In still yet another aspect of the invention, a transgene expressioncassette is provided comprising a heterologous acyl carrier proteincoding region that encodes for an acyl carrier protein (such as SEQ IDNO: 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, or 57) that is expressed in planttissues with the transgene comprising the methylketone synthase codingregion.

In still yet another aspect of the invention, a transgenic seed isprovided comprising a heterologous plastid transit peptide molecule inoperable linkage to the methylketone synthase coding region. Thetransgenic seed may additionally comprise a transgene expressioncassette comprising a heterologous acyl carrier protein coding region.

Other aspects of the invention are specifically directed to transgenicplant cells, and transgenic plants comprising a plurality of the plantcells, nuclei and organelles, and progeny transgenic seed, embryo, ovuleand transgenic pollen from such plants. A plant cell and parts thereofis selected from a population of transgenic plant cells transformed witha heterologous methylketone synthase coding region and may additionallycomprise a heterologous acyl carrier protein coding region by selectingthe transgenic plant cell from any population comprising theheterologous coding region as compared to a cell that does not have theheterologous coding region.

This invention also provides methods for manufacturing non-natural,transgenic seed that can be used to produce a crop of transgenic plantswith pest resistance resulting from expression of a heterologousmethylketone synthase coding region and in certain embodiments theco-expression of a heterologous acyl carrier protein coding region inthe nucleus or organelle or cytoplasm of the plant cells making up thetransgenic plants. The various aspects of this invention are especiallyuseful for transgenic plants having nematode resistance activity thatinclude, without limitation, cereals including corn, wheat, barley, rye,and rice; vegetables; tomatoes; potatoes; clovers; legumes includingbeans, soybeans, peas and alfalfa; sugar cane; sugar beets; tobacco;cotton; rapeseed (canola); sunflower; safflower; and sorghum.

The present invention provides for a transgenic soybean plant comprisingwithin its genome a heterologous methylketone synthase coding region andmay additionally comprise a heterologous acyl carrier protein codingregion, wherein the plant is resistant to nematode infection or displaysreduced disease symptoms caused by nematode infection.

The present invention further provides a method of increasing the yieldof a nematode tolerant crop plant. The method comprises growing a cropplant comprising a heterologous methylketone synthase coding regionwhich may additionally comprise a heterologous acyl carrier proteincoding region in the presence of nematodes.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of producing a hybridseed comprising acquiring hybrid seed from a nematode tolerant plantwhich also has a stably-integrated heterologous nucleotide sequenceencoding a methylketone synthase and may also have integrated aheterologous nucleotide sequence encoding an acyl carrier protein. Themethod further comprises producing a crop from plants grown from thehybrid seed, wherein a fraction of the plants produced from said hybridseed are homozygous for the heterologous methylketone synthase codingsequence and if present, the heterologous acyl carrier protein codingsequence, a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid seed arehemizygous for the heterologous methylketone synthase coding sequenceand if present, the heterologous acyl carrier protein coding sequence,and a fraction of the plants produced from the hybrid have noheterologous methylketone synthase coding sequence or heterologous acylcarrier protein coding sequence; selecting plants which are homozygousand hemizygous; collecting seed from the selected plants, and plantingthe seed to produce further progeny plants; repeating the selecting andcollecting steps at least once from these progeny plants to produce aninbred line; and crossing the inbred line with a second line to producehybrid seed. The plants of the invention are selected, withoutlimitation, from the group of corn (maize), soybean, cotton, canola(rape), wheat, sunflower, sorghum, alfalfa, barley, millet, rice,tobacco, tomato, potato, fruit and vegetable crops, turfgrass, sugarcane, sugar beets, and safflower.

In a further aspect of the invention, control of agronomically importantsoil inhabiting insects is contemplated, which include, but are notlimited to Diabrotica, Diaprepes, Pachnaeus, Asynonychus, Lycoriella,Sciara, Stenophlus, and Bradysia among others. Broader acaricidal,insecticidal, and pest repellent properties are also contemplated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to methods and compositions for pest control inplants, in particular nematode control. In one aspect, the inventionrelates to controlling, preventing or treating nematode infection intransgenic plants. The method comprises, in one embodiment, generationof transgenic plant containing a recombinant construct and expression ofsuch construct to impart nematode resistance to plants. The recombinantconstruct may comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding one or moreproteins, wherein the sequence is operably linked to a heterologouspromoter functional in a plant cell, and to cells transformed with therecombinant construct. Cells comprising (meaning including but notlimited to) the recombinant construct may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.In particular, they may be plant cells. Plants and seeds derived fromsuch transformed plant cells are also contemplated. The transgenicplants or parts thereof of the present invention, in one embodiment,produce one or more fatty acid compounds for which at least one is2-tridecanone. 2-tridecanone is the major methylketone (76% of totalvolatile content) produced in Lycopersicon hirsutum (Solanumhabrochaites) (compared to 21% 2-undecanone, and 3% 2-pentadecanone;Fridman, et al., Plant Cell 17:1252-67, 2005). Higher plants synthesizefatty acids via a metabolic pathway involving an acyl carrier proteinco-factor (ACP) and a fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme complex. The FAScomplex consists of about eight separate enzymes that catalyze thirty ormore individual reaction steps, all of which, in plants, are located inthe plastids.

The present invention provides heterologous molecules that are directedinto the plastid of a plant to provide production of a methylketone,especially 2-tridecanone, from the FAS complex, including, but notlimited to, nucleotides that encode polypeptides having methylketonesynthase activity such as SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, or theamino acid sequence given in GenBank Accession AY701574. In certainembodiments, the polypeptide having methylketone synthase activity (e.g.allowing for production of methylketones such as 2-undecanone,2-tridecanone, and 2-pentadecanone) may share at least 80%, at least85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity, to any one or more amino acid sequence(s) set forthin SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15,SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25,SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:35,SEQ ID NO:37, or SEQ ID NO:39. The function of the encoded polypeptidemay also be determined by measuring the efficacy of the presence of thetransgene that encodes it in reducing nematode infection, growth,reproduction, or symptomatology. For instance, a reduction in rootgalls, cysts, or worm number of 20% or more, 25% or more, 50% or more,80% or more, or 95% or more, in a transgenic plant comprising aheterologous nucleotide construct encoding methylketone synthaseactivity, relative to a control plant, for instance an otherwiseisogenic plant not comprising the heterologous molecule, under similarconditions, indicates the presence of a functional molecule.

In certain embodiments, a heterologous molecule provided by the presentinvention that is directed into the plastid of a plant to provideproduction of a methylketone may share at least 80%, at least 85%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequenceidentity at the nucleotide level with one or more sequence(s) as setforth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ IDNO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ IDNO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ IDNO:32, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, or SEQ ID NO:38; or anyof SEQ ID NOs:58-61. Thus, in particular embodiments, the heterologousmolecule may comprise a sequence encoding a heterologous chloroplasttransit peptide, for instance, without limitation, as shown in SEQ IDNO:9 or SEQ ID NO:11.

Likewise, in certain embodiments, a nucleotide of the present inventionmay further comprise a sequence that encodes an acyl carrier protein(e.g. ACP1), as set forth in any of SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ IDNO:45, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ IDNO:55, or SEQ ID NO:57, or may comprise a sequence that encodes an acylcarrier protein with at least about 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequencesimilarity to any of these sequences.

Yet another aspect of the invention provides methods for production andfor use of one or more methylketone(s), such as 2-tridecanone, tocontrol nematode infestation. Thus, methods for production of amethylketone, for instance in a plant cell, are provided. Themethylketone may then be applied to soil prior to, during, or subsequentto planting of a crop, in order to control or reduce nematodeinfestation or symptomatology of crop plants grown in that soil.

Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according toconventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.Definitions of common terms in molecular biology may also be found inRieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5thedition, Springer-Verlag: New York, 1991; and Lewin, Genes V, OxfordUniversity Press: New York, 1994. The nomenclature for DNA bases as setforth at Title 37 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Part1, section 1.822.

As used herein, a “transgenic plant” is any plant in which one or more,or all, of the cells of the plant include a transgene. A transgene maybe integrated within a nuclear genome or organelle genome, or it may beextra-chromosomally replicating DNA. The term “transgene” means anucleic acid that is partly or entirely heterologous, foreign, to atransgenic microbe, plant, animal, or cell into which it is introduced.Cells that make up various cell and tissue types of plants include butare not limited to seed, root, leaf, shoot, flower, pollen and ovule.

“Recombinant DNA” is a polynucleotide having a genetically engineeredmodification introduced through combination of endogenous and/orexogenous molecules in a transcription unit, manipulation viamutagenesis, restriction enzymes, and the like or simply by insertingmultiple copies of a native transcription unit. Recombinant DNA maycomprise DNA segments obtained from different sources, or DNA segmentsobtained from the same source, but which have been manipulated to joinDNA segments which do not naturally exist in the joined form. Anisolated recombinant polynucleotide may exist, for example as a purifiedmolecule, or integrated into a genome, such as a plant cell, ororganelle genome or a microbe plasmid or genome. The polynucleotidecomprises linked regulatory molecules that cause transcription of an RNAin a plant cell.

As used herein, “percent identity” means the extent to which twooptimally aligned DNA or protein segments are invariant throughout awindow of alignment of components, for example nucleotide sequence oramino acid sequence. An “identity fraction” for aligned segments of atest sequence and a reference sequence is the number of identicalcomponents that are shared by sequences of the two aligned segmentsdivided by the total number of sequence components in the referencesegment over a window of alignment which is the smaller of the full testsequence or the full reference sequence. “Percent identity” (“%identity”) is the identity fraction times 100.

“Expression” means transcription of DNA to produce RNA. The resultingRNA may be without limitation mRNA encoding a protein, antisense RNA, ora double-stranded RNA for use in RNAi technology. Expression also mayrefer to translation of RNA, i.e. the production of encoded protein froman mRNA.

As used herein, “promoter” means regulatory DNA molecules forinitializing transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable ofinitiating transcription in plant cells whether or not its origin is aplant cell. For example it is well known that certain Agrobacteriumpromoters are functional in plant cells. Thus, plant promoters includepromoter DNA obtained from plants, plant viruses (in particular, doublestranded DNA viruses) and bacteria such as Agrobacterium andBradyrhizobium bacteria. Constitutive promoters generally providetranscription in most or all of the cells of a plant. In particular,promoters such as the FMV promoter (FMV, U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,753), theenhanced 35S promoter (E35S, U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,142), rice actinpromoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876), and various chimeric promoters (U.S.Pat. No. 6,660,911) are useful in the present invention. Examples ofpromoters under developmental control include promoters thatpreferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such asleaves, roots, or seeds. Such promoters are referred to as“tissue-preferred”. Promoters that initiate transcription only incertain tissues are referred to as “tissue specific.”

A number of root-specific or root-enhanced promoters or fragments ofsuch that provide enhanced expression in root tissues relative to otherplant tissues have been identified and are known in the art (e.g. U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,110,732, 5,837,848, 5,837,876; 5,633,363; 5,459,252;5,401,836; 7,196,247; 7,232,940; 7,119,254; and 7,078,589). Examplesinclude root-enhanced or root-specific promoters such as theCaMV-derived as-1 promoter or the wheat PDX1 promoter (U.S. Pat. No.5,023,179), the acid chitinase gene promoter (Samac et al., Plant Mol.Biol. 25:587-596 (1994); the root specific subdomains of the CaMV35Spromoter (Lam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:7890-7894(1989); the root-enhanced ORF13 promoter from Agrobacterium rhizogenes(Hansen et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 254:337-343 (1997); the promoter forthe tobacco root-specific gene RB7 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,386); and theroot cell-specific promoters reported by Conkling et al. (Plant Physiol.93:1203-1211 (1990). Additional examples include RCc2 and RCc3,promoters that direct root-specific gene transcription in rice (Xu etal., Plant Mol. Biol. 27:237, 1995); soybean root-specific glutaminesynthetase promoter (Hire et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 20:207-218, 1992);root-specific control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean (Kellerand Baumgartner, Plant Cell 3:1051-1061, 1991.); a root-specificpromoter of the mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens (Sanger et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14:433-443, 1990); andfull-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS),which is expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean (Miao et al.,Plant Cell 3:11-22, 1991). See also Bogusz et al., Plant Cell 2:633-641,1990, where two root-specific promoters isolated from hemoglobin genesfrom the nitrogen-fixing non-legume Parasponia andersonii and therelated non-nitrogen-fixing non-legume Trema tomentosa are described.Leach and Aoyagi (1991) describe their analysis of the promoters of thehighly expressed rolC and rolD root-inducing genes of Agrobacteriumrhizogenes (see Plant Science (Limerick) 79:69-76). Additionalroot-preferred promoters include the VfENOD-GRP3 gene promoter (Kusteret al., Plant Mol. Biol. 29(4):759-772, 1995); and rolB promoter (Capanaet al., Plant Mol. Biol. 25:681-691, 1994). Examples of nematode-inducedpromoters include, for instance, the TobRB7 promoter (Opperman et al.,Science 263:221-223, 1994), and promoters described in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,262,344, and 7,193,136.

The term “resistance,” or “tolerance” when used in the context ofcomparing the effectiveness of a transgene in a transgenic plant, refersto the ability of the transgenic plant to maintain a desirable phenotypewhen exposed to nematode infestation pressures relative to the phenotypepresented by a nematode sensitive non-transgenic plant under similarconditions. The level of resistance can be determined by comparing thephysical characteristics of the transgenic plant to non-transgenicplants that either have or have not been exposed to nematode infection.Exemplary physical characteristics to observe include plant height, anincrease in population of plants that have ability to survive nematodechallenge (that is, plants that come in contact with a parasiticnematode may have enhanced root growth, enhanced fruit or grain yield,and reproduction nematode infection or population increase rate). Theproduct of expression of the recombinant DNA may be directly toxic tothe nematode (nematicidal) or may affect the mobility, host finding,feeding site establishment, fecundity or have other nematistaticeffects.

“Transformed seed” is the seed which has been generated from thetransformed plant. A transformed plant contains transformed cells. Atransformed cell is a cell that has been altered by the introduction ofan exogenous DNA molecule or in the present invention comprises aheterologous methylketone synthase or a heterologous acyl carrierprotein or a combination of both.

Nematodes include but are not limited to plant parasitic species, forexample, Heterodera species, Globodera species, Meloidogyne species,Rotylenchulus species, Hoplolalaimus species, Belonolaimus species,Pratylenchus species, Longidorus species, Paratrichodorus species,Ditylenchus species, Xiphinema species, Dolichodorus species,Helicotylenchus species, Radopholus species, Hirschmanniella species,Tylenchorhynchus species, and Trichodorus species, and the like.

The present invention provides recombinant DNA constructs comprising apolynucleotide that, when incorporated in a plant cell, imparts to theplant resistance to nematode infection or plant disease caused by thenematode infection. Such constructs also typically comprise a promoteroperatively linked to said polynucleotide to provide for expression inthe plant cells. Other construct components may include additionalregulatory molecules, such as 5′ leader regions or 3′ untranslatedregions (such as polyadenylation sites), intron regions, and transit orsignal peptides. Such recombinant DNA constructs can be assembled usingmethods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Recombinant constructs prepared in accordance with the present inventionalso generally include a 3′ untranslated DNA region (UTR) that typicallycontains a polyadenylation sequence following the polynucleotide codingregion. Examples of useful 3′ UTRs include but arc not limited to thosefrom the nopalinc synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (nos), agene encoding the small subunit of a ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase-oxygenase (rbcS), and the T7 transcript of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens.

Constructs and vectors may also include a transit peptide for targetingof a protein product, particularly to a chloroplast, leucoplast or otherplastid organelle, mitochondria, peroxisome, or vacuole or anextracellular location. For descriptions of the use of chloroplasttransit peptides, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,642 and U.S. Pat. No.5,728,925. Many chloroplast-localized proteins are expressed fromnuclear genes as precursors and are targeted to the chloroplast by achloroplast transit peptide (CTP). Examples of other such isolatedchloroplast proteins include, but are not limited to those associatedwith the small subunit (SSU) of ribulose-1,5,-bisphosphate carboxylase,ferredoxin, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, the light-harvesting complexprotein I and protein II, thioredoxin F, enolpyruvyl shikimate phosphatesynthase (EPSPS) and transit peptides described in U.S. Pat. No.7,193,133. It has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro thatnon-chloroplast proteins may be targeted to the chloroplast by use ofprotein fusions with a heterologous CTP and that the CTP is sufficientto target a protein to the chloroplast. Incorporation of a suitablechloroplast transit peptide, such as, the Arabidopsis thaliana EPSPS CTP(CTP2, Klee et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:437-442, 1987), and the Petuniahybrida EPSPS CTP (CTP4, della-Cioppa et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83:6873-6877, 1986) has been show to target heterologous EPSPS proteinsequences to chloroplasts in transgenic plants. The production ofglyphosate tolerant plants by expression of a fusion protein comprisingan amino-terminal CTP with a glyphosate resistant EPSPS enzyme is wellknown by those skilled in the art, (U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061, U.S. Pat.No. 5,633,435, U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,910, EP 0218571, EP 189707, EP508909, and EP 924299). Those skilled in the art will recognize thatvarious chimeric constructs can be made that utilize the functionalityof a CTP to import various methylketone synthases or acyl carrierproteins into the plant cell plastid.

Stable methods for plant transformation include virtually any method bywhich DNA can be introduced into a cell, such as by direct delivery ofDNA (for example, by PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts, byelectroporation, by agitation with silicon carbide fibers, and byacceleration of DNA coated particles), by Agrobacterium-mediatedtransformation, by viral or other vectors. One preferred method of planttransformation is microprojectile bombardment, for example, asillustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (soy), U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,318(maize), U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,880 (maize), U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,812(wheat), U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,208 (maize), U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,312 (rice)and U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,861 (maize), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,865(maize).

Detailed procedures for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of plants,especially crop plants, include, for example, procedures disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,004,863, 5,159,135, 5,518,908, 5,846,797, and 6,624,344(cotton); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,416,011, 5,569,834, 5,824,877, 5,914,4516,384,301, and 7,002,058 (soy); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,616 5,981,840, and7,060,876 (maize); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,174 and 5,750,871 (Brassicaspecies, including rapeseed and canola), and in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublications 2004/0244075 (maize), 2004/0087030 (cotton) and2005/0005321 (soybean). Additional procedures for Agrobacterium-mediatedtransformation are disclosed in W09506722 (maize). Similar methods havebeen reported for many plant species, both dicots and monocots,including, among others, peanut (Cheng et al., Plant Cell Rep., 15:653,1996); asparagus (Bytebier et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,84:5345, 1987); barley (Wan and Lemaux, Plant Physiol., 104:37, 1994);rice (Toriyama et al., Bio/Technology, 6:10, 1988; Zhang et al., PlantCell Rep., 7:379, 1988; wheat (Vasil et al., Bio/Technology,10:667,1992; Becker et al., Plant J. , 5:299, 1994), alfalfa (Masoud et al.,Transgen. Res., 5:313, 1996); Brassica species (Radke et al., Plant CellRep., 11:499-505, 1992); and tomato (Sun et al., Plant Cell Physiol.,47:426-431, 2006). Transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants can alsobe obtained by transformation with other vectors, such as but notlimited to viral vectors (for example, tobacco etch virus (TEV), barleystripe mosaic virus (BSMV), and the viruses referenced in Edwardson andChristie, “The Potyvirus Group: Monograph No. 16 ”, 1991, Agric. Exp.Station, Univ. of Florida), plasmids, cosmids, YACs (yeast artificialchromosomes), BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes) or any othersuitable cloning vector, when used with an appropriate transformationprotocol such as but not limited to bacterial infection (for example,with Agrobacterium as described above), binary bacterial artificialchromosome constructs, direct delivery of DNA (for example, viaPEG-mediated transformation, desiccation/inhibition-mediated DNA uptake,electroporation, agitation with silicon carbide fibers, andmicroprojectile bombardment). It would be clear to one of ordinary skillin the art that various transformation methodologies can be used andmodified for production of stable transgenic plants from any number ofplant species of interest. For example the construction of stablyinherited recombinant DNA constructs and mini-chromosomes can be used asvectors for the construction of transgenic plants (U.S. Pat. No.7,235,716).

Plants of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Acacia,alfalfa, aneth, apple, apricot, artichoke, arugula, asparagus, avocado,banana, barley, beans, beet, blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brusselssprouts, cabbage, canola, cantaloupe, carrot, cassava, cauliflower,celery, cherry, cilantro, citrus, clementine, coffee, corn, cotton,cucumber, Douglas fir, eggplant, endive, escarole, eucalyptus, fennel,figs, forest trees, gourd, grape, grapefruit, honey dew, jicama,kiwifruit, lettuce, leeks, lemon, lime, loblolly pine, mango, melon,mushroom, nut, oat, okra, onion, orange, an ornamental plant, papaya,parsley, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, persimmon, pine, pineapple,plantain, plum, pomegranate, poplar, potato, pumpkin, quince, radiatapine, radicchio, radish, rapeseed, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum,Southern pine, soybean, spinach, squash, strawberry, sugarbeet,sugarcane, sunflower, sweet potato, sweetgum, tangerine, tea, tobacco,tomato, turf, a vine, watermelon, wheat, yams, and zucchini. Crop plantsare defined as plants which are cultivated to produce one or morecommercial products. Examples of such crops or crop plants include butare not limited to soybean, canola, rape, cotton (cottonseeds), peanut,sunflower, pigeon pea, chickpea, and the like, and grains such as corn,wheat, rice, oat, millet, and rye, and the like. Rape, rapeseed andcanola are used synonymously in the present disclosure.

Transformation methods to provide transgenic plant cells and transgenicplants containing stably integrated recombinant DNA are preferablypracticed in tissue culture on media and in a controlled environment.Recipient cell targets include but are not limited to meristem cells,callus, immature embryos or parts of embryos, gametic cells such asmicrospores, pollen, sperm, and egg cells. Any cell from which a fertileplant can be regenerated is contemplated as a useful recipient cell forpractice of the invention. Callus can be initiated from various tissuesources, including, but not limited to, immature embryos or parts ofembryos, seedling apical meristems, microspores, and the like. Thosecells which are capable of proliferating as callus can serve asrecipient cells for genetic transformation. Practical transformationmethods and materials for making transgenic plants of this invention(for example, various media and recipient target cells, transformationof immature embryos, and subsequent regeneration of fertile transgenicplants) are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,636 and6,232,526 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0216189.

In general transformation practice, DNA is introduced into only a smallpercentage of target cells in any one transformation experiment. Markergenes are generally used to provide an efficient system foridentification of those cells that are transformed by a transgenic DNAconstruct. Preferred marker genes provide selective markers which conferresistance to a selective agent, such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Anyof the antibiotics or herbicides to which a plant cell may be resistantcan be a useful agent for selection. Potentially transformed cells areexposed to the selective agent. In the population of surviving cellswill be those cells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene isexpressed at sufficient levels to permit cell survival in the presenceof the selective agent. Cells can be tested further to confirmintegration of the recombinant DNA. Commonly used selective marker genesinclude those conferring resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin orparomomycin (nptII), hygromycin B (aph IV), gentamycin (aac3 and aacC4)and glufosinate (bar or pat), glyphosate (EPSPS), and dicamba (dicambamonooxygenase). Examples of useful selective marker genes and selectionagents are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,633,435,5,780,708, and 6,118,047. Screenable markers or reporters, such asmarkers that provide an ability to visually identify transformants canalso be employed. Non-limiting examples of useful screenable markersinclude, for example, a gene expressing a protein that produces adetectable color by acting on a chromogenic substrate (for example,beta-glucuronidase, GUS, uidA, or luciferase, luc) or that itself isdetectable, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP, gfp) or animmunogenic molecule. Those of skill in the art will recognize that manyother useful markers or reporters are available for use.

Trait Stacking and Breeding:

The recombinant DNA constructs of the invention can be stacked withother recombinant DNA for imparting additional agronomic traits (such asin the case of transformed plants, traits including but not limited toherbicide resistance, insect resistance, cold germination tolerance,water deficit tolerance, enhanced yield, enhanced quality, fungal,viral, and bacterial disease resistance) for example, by expressingother transgenes. The recombinant DNA constructs of the presentinvention can also be transformed into plant varieties that carrynatural pest or pathogen resistance genes to enhance the efficacy of theresistance phenotype. Constructs for coordinated decrease and/orincrease of gene expression are disclosed in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication 2004/0126845 A1. Seeds of transgenic, fertile plants can beharvested and used to grow progeny generations, including hybridgenerations, of transgenic plants of this invention that include therecombinant DNA construct in their genome. Thus, in addition to directtransformation of a plant with a recombinant DNA construct of thisinvention, transgenic plants of the invention can be prepared bycrossing a first plant having the recombinant DNA with a second plantlacking the construct. For example, the recombinant DNA can beintroduced into a plant line that is amenable to transformation toproduce a transgenic plant, which can be crossed with a second plantline to introgress the recombinant DNA into the resulting progeny. Atransgenic plant of the invention can be crossed with a plant linehaving other recombinant DNA or naturally occurring genetic regions thatconfers one or more additional trait(s) (such as, but not limited to,herbicide resistance, pest or disease resistance, environmental stressresistance, modified nutrient content, and yield improvement) to produceprogeny plants having recombinant DNA that confers both the desiredtarget sequence expression behavior and the additional trait(s).Typically, in such breeding for combining traits the transgenic plantdonating the additional trait is a male line and the transgenic plantcarrying the base traits is the female line. The progeny of this crosssegregate such that some of the plant will carry the DNA for bothparental traits and some will carry DNA for one parental trait; suchplants can be identified by markers associated with parental recombinantDNA. Progeny plants carrying DNA for both parental traits can be crossedback into the female parent line multiple times, for example, usually 6to 8 generations, to produce a progeny plant with substantially the samegenotype as one original transgenic parental line but for therecombinant DNA of the other transgenic parental line.

The transgenic plant, plant part, seed or progeny plants of the presentinvention can be processed into products useful in commerce. Theseproducts include but are not limited to meal, flour, oil, hay, starch,juice, protein extract, and fiber.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to illustrate embodiments of theinvention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art thatthe techniques disclosed in the examples that follow representtechniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practiceof the invention. However, those of skill in the art should, in light ofthe present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in thespecific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like orsimilar result without departing from the concept, spirit and scope ofthe invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certainagents which are both chemically and physiologically related may besubstituted for the agents described herein while the same or similarresults would be achieved. All such similar substitutes andmodifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to bewithin the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by theappended claims.

Example 1

The example illustrates the surprising nematicidal efficacy of variousmethylketones. Methylketones of various chain lengths were tested invitro against C. elegans L1 and L4 larvae and M. incognita pre-parasiticJ2 larvae, the dispersal larval stage found in the soil. As illustratedin Table 1, nematicidal activity was observed for the medium-lengthmethylketones (10-14 carbon chain lengths). The table shows the in vitroIC30 values (in parts per million) of various methylketones effectiveagainst C. elegans L1 and L4 larvae and M. incognita J2 larvae. IC30 isdefined as the concentration of the methylketone at which 30 percent ofthe nematodes are killed after an exposure of 4 hours for C. elegans and24 hours for M. incognita.

TABLE 1 In vitro efficacy of various methylketones on nematodes. C.elegans M. incognita Compound vs.L1 vs.L4 vs.J2 2-heptanone >400 >400400 2-nonanone 12.5 >400 200 2-decanone 6.3 >400 25 2-undecanone 6.3 2550 2-dodecanone 3.2 25 50 2-tridecanone 3.2 12.5 50 2-tetradecanone3.2 >100 25 2-pentadecanone 12.5 >100 400

Whole plant assays were used to determine the efficacy of themethylketones on the infection of soybean plants and tomato plants bynematodes, H. glycines and M. incognita, respectively. The seeds wereplanted in 100 percent sand in two-inch square plastic pots and grown toa sufficient size for treatment. Methylketone chemical treatment wasapplied when the soybean plants showed the first trifoliate beginning toemerge and when the tomato plants reached the 2-3 leaf stage. Followingmethylketone treatment, nematodes were inoculated into each pot and forsoybeans are then incubated for 28 days before harvest and for tomatoesincubated 21 days before harvest.

To each of four pots, five milliliters of the appropriate chemicalsolution is applied to the surface making sure to avoid contact with thebase of the plant. Immediately following the chemical application, thepot surface is wetted sufficiently to water in the chemical. Onemilligram of chemical per four pots is approximately equivalent to onekilogram per hectare of chemical. A standard test uses fourreplications. For rates above 2 kg/ha, the desired amount of chemical isweighed into a 30 ml vial (example: 8 kg/ha rate=8 mg chemical in 30 mlvial). The chemical is dissolved in 2 ml of an appropriate solvent,generally acetone. For rates below 2 kg/ha, 2 milligrams of chemistry isweighed into the vial and dissolved in 2 ml of the solvent. Theappropriate amount of chemical concentrate is then applied into aseparate 30 ml vial and solvent is added to bring the volume to 2 ml(example 0.5 kg/ha−0.5 ml of concentrate+1.5 ml solvent). Each dissolvedconcentrate is then brought to a total of 20 milliliters using 0.05%Triton X-100 surfactant solution.

Nematode eggs, either SCN or RKN, are added to distilled water to createa concentration of 1000 vermiform eggs per liter of water. At least fourhours after chemical treatment the eggs are applied to the treated potsplus non-treated check plants. A small hole about 1 cm deep is punchedinto the pot surface. One milliliter of the nematode egg slurry isapplied into the hole. Immediately afterwards the hole is gentlycovered. Watering of the test plants is then restricted to a minimumvolume needed to prevent wilting for a period of 24 hours. After the 24hour restricted watering, normal sub-irrigation watering is done for theduration of the test.

The 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-pentadecanone are tested ingreenhouse studies against M. incognita infection of tomato roots insand. The tomato plants are commercial varieties sensitive to nematodeinfection (e.g., Mountain Spring) and do not accumulate themethylketones that are found in the leaf trichomes of some wild tomatospecies. Shown in Table 2 is a high level of nematicidal activity ofvarious methylketones observed against root knot nematode (M. incognita)inoculated into treated pots containing tomato plants. 2-tridecanone ishighly effective at controlling nematode-induced galling at both 40kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) (100% control) and 8 kg/ha (97% control),while 2-undecanone and 2-pentadecanone also demonstrated nematodecontrol. The listed kilograms/hectare (kg/ha) rating is based upon thesurface area of the test pots; 1 kg/ha equates to about 1.65 mg compoundper kilogram of soil in these assays.

TABLE 2 Activity of various methylketones on root knot nematode disease.% Galled Compound Rate (kg/ha) Roots % Control 2-undecanone 40 21 65%2-undecanone 8 39 35% 2-tridecanone 40 0 100%  2-tridecanone 8 2 97%2-pentadecanone 40 38 37% 2-pentadecanone 8 45 25% No Compound added —60 NA

2-tridecanone was also assayed in the greenhouse for control of soybeancyst nematode (H. glycines) in soybeans (Table 3). Nematode control(#cysts/plant) is observed at 40 kg/ha (96% control relative to thenon-treated) and 8 kg/ha (80% control relative to the non-treated) when2-tridecanone was applied as a soil drench prior to nematodeinoculation.

TABLE 3 Efficacy of methylketone on cyst nematode infection of soybeanRate Compound (kg/ha) #cysts/plant % Control 2-tridecanone 40 2 96%2-tridecanone 8 10 80% No Compound added — 49 NA

Example 2

This example provides descriptions of compositions in use orcontemplated for use in controlling plant parasitic nematodes singularlyor in any combination. Table 4 provides a list of the compositions. Acrop transformation base vector comprising selection expressioncassettes and elements necessary for the maintenance of the plasmid in abacterial cell is used to assemble DNA segments (promoters, leaders,introns, 3′UTR) that provide regulatory activity when operably linked toDNA segments that provide functionality in the present invention. Theassembly of these DNA segments can be accomplished using methods knownin the art of recombinant DNA technology. DNA coding sequences of thepresent invention such as any one or more of the DNA moleculesidentified as SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24,26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59,60, and 61 are cloned and inserted into an expression cassette orinserted into operable linkage with another coding sequence or geneticelement of an expression cassette. Other genetic elements can beselected and tested by those skilled in the art that provide functionalexpression of a methylketone in plant tissues.

TABLE 4 Descriptions of genetic elements. SEQ ID NO: Name DescriptionSEQ ID NO: 1 MKS1a A codon-optimized polynucleotide sequence variant forL. hirsutum methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 2 MKS1b A codon-optimizedpolynucleotide sequence variant for L. hirsutum methylketone synthaseSEQ ID NO: 3 MKS1 Amino acid sequence of the methylketone synthaseprotein from L. hirsutum SEQ ID NO: 4 LhMKS1 Polynucleotide sequence fora codon- optimized L. hirsutum methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 5 LhMKS1protein Amino acid sequence variant of the variant methylketone synthaseprotein from L. hirsutum SEQ ID NO: 6 LsMKS1 Polynucleotide sequence fora codon- optimized Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanum lycopersicum)methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 7 LsMKS1 protein Amino acid sequence ofthe methylketone synthase protein from L. esculentum SEQ ID NO: 8 AtCTP2A polynucleotide sequence encoding a chloroplast transit peptide from A.thaliana EPSPS protein SEQ ID NO: 9 AtCTP2 protein Amino acid sequenceof the chloroplast transit peptide from A. thaliana EPSPS protein SEQ IDNO: 10 PhCTP4 A polynucleotide sequence encoding a chloroplast transitpeptide from Petunia hybrida EPSPS protein SEQ ID NO: 11 PhCTP4 proteinAmino acid sequence of the chloroplast transit peptide from Petuniahybrida EPSPS protein SEQ ID NO: 12 CTP2-MKS1a Polynucleotide sequenceof the AtCTP2 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the MKS1a codonoptimized sequence encoding methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 13CTP2-MKS1a Amino acid sequence of the protein heterologous AtCTP2-MKS1fusion protein SEQ ID NO: 14 CTP4-MKS1a Polynucleotide sequence of thePhCTP4 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the MKS1a codon optimizedsequence encoding methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 15 CTP4-MKS1a Aminoacid sequence of the protein heterologous PhCTP4-MKS1a fusion proteinSEQ ID NO: 16 CTP2-MKS1b Polynucleotide sequence of the CTP2 chloroplasttransit peptide fused to the MKS1b codon optimized sequence encodingmethylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 17 CTP2-MKS1b Amino acid sequence ofthe protein heterologous AtCTP2-MKS1b fusion protein SEQ ID NO: 18CTP4-MKS1b Polynucleotide sequence of the PhCTP4 chloroplast transitpeptide fused to the MKS1b codon optimized sequence encodingmethylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 19 CTP4-MKS1b Amino acid sequence ofthe protein heterologous PhCTP4-MKS1b fusion protein SEQ ID NO: 20CTP2-LhMKS1 Polynucleotide sequence of the AtCTP2 chloroplast transitpeptide fused to the LhMKS1 sequence encoding methylketone synthase SEQID NO: 21 CTP2-LhMKS1 Amino acid sequence of the protein heterologousAtCTP2-LhMKS1 fusion protein SEQ ID NO: 22 CTP4-LhMKS1 Polynucleotidesequence of the PhCTP4 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the LhMKS1sequence encoding methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 23 CTP4-LhMKS1 Aminoacid sequence of the protein heterologous PhCTP4-LhMKS1 fusion proteinSEQ ID NO: 24 CTP2-LsMKS1 Polynucleotide sequence of the AtCTP2chloroplast transit peptide fused to the LsMKS1 sequence encodingmethylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 25 CTP2-LsMKS1 Amino acid sequence ofthe protein heterologous AtCTP2-LsMKS1 fusion protein SEQ ID NO: 26CTP4-LsMKS1 Polynucleotide sequence of the PhCTP4 chloroplast transitpeptide fused to the LsMKS1 sequence encoding methylketone synthase SEQID NO: 27 CTP4-LsMKS1 Amino acid sequence of the protein heterologousPhCTP4-LsMKS1 fusion protein SEQ ID NO: 28 CTP2-MKS1a_sN Polynucleotidesequence of the AtCTP2 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the MKS1ssequence encoding an Alanine to Serine active site variant ofmethylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 29 CTP2-MKS1a_sN Amino acid sequence ofthe AtCTP2 protein chloroplast transit peptide fused to the MKS1ssequence having an Alanine to Serine active site variant of methylketonesynthase SEQ ID NO: 30 CTP2-MKS1a_Ad Polynucleotide sequence of theAtCTP2 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the MKS1s sequence encodingan Asparagine to Aspartic acid active site variant of methylketonesynthase SEQ ID NO: 31 CTP2-MKS1a_Ad Amino acid sequence of the AtCTP2protein chloroplast transit peptide fused to the MKS1s sequence havingan Asparagine to Aspartic acid active site variant of methylketonesynthase SEQ ID NO: 32 CTP2-MKS1a_sd Polynucleotide sequence of theAtCTP2 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the MKS1s sequence encodinga double variant Alanine to Serine and Asparagine to Aspartic acidactive site variant of methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 33 CTP2-MKS1a_sdAmino acid sequence of the AtCTP2 protein chloroplast transit peptidefused to the MKS1s sequence having a double variant Alaninc to Serineand Asparagine to Aspartic acid active site variant of methylketonesynthase SEQ ID NO: 34 CTP2-LsMKS1_sN Polynucleotide sequence of theAtCTP2 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the LsMKS1s sequenceencoding an Alanine to Serine active site variant of methylketonesynthase SEQ ID NO: 35 CTP2-LsMKS1_sN Amino acid sequence of the AtCTP2protein chloroplast transit peptide fused to the LsMKS1s sequenceencoding an Alanine to Serine active site variant of methylketonesynthase SEQ ID NO: 36 CTP2-LsMKS1_Ad Polynucleotide sequence of theAtCTP2 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the LsMKS1s sequenceencoding an Asparagine to Aspartic acid active site variant ofmethylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 37 CTP2-LsMKS1_Ad Amino acid sequenceof the AtCTP2 protein chloroplast transit peptide fused to the LsMKS1ssequence encoding an Asparagine to Aspartic acid active site variant ofmethylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 38 CTP2-LsMKS1_sd Polynucleotidesequence of the AtCTP2 chloroplast transit peptide fused to the LsMKS1ssequence encoding a double variant Alanine to Serine and Asparagine toAspartic acid active site variant of methylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 39CTP2-LsMKS1_sd Amino acid sequence of the AtCTP2 protein chloroplasttransit peptide fused to the LsMKS1s sequence having a double variantAlanine to Serine and Asparagine to Aspartic acid active site variant ofmethylketone synthase SEQ ID NO: 40 LhACP1-PI126449 Polynucleotidesequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP1 coding sequence from PI126449SEQ ID NO: 41 LhACP1-PI126449 Amino acid sequence of an Acyl carrierprotein protein ACP1 from PI126449 SEQ ID NO: 42 LhACP2-PI126449Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP2 coding sequencefrom PI126449 SEQ ID NO: 43 LhACP2-PI126449 Amino acid sequence of anAcyl carrier protein protein ACP2 from PI126449 SEQ ID NO: 44LhACP1-LA1777 Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP1coding sequence from LA1777 SEQ ID NO: 45 LhACP1-LA1777 Amino acidsequence of an Acyl carrier protein protein ACP1 from LA1777 SEQ ID NO:46 LeACP2 Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP2 fromL. esculentum SEQ ID NO: 47 LeACP2 protein Amino acid sequence of anAcyl carrier protein ACP2 from L. esculentum SEQ ID NO: 48 StACP2Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP2 from Solanumtuberosum SEQ ID NO: 49 StACP2 protein Amino acid sequence of an Acylcarrier protein ACP2 from Solanum tuberosum SEQ ID NO: 50 ScACP2Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP2 from Solanumchacoense SEQ ID NO: 51 ScACP2 protein Amino acid sequence of an Acylcarrier protein ACP2 from Solanum chacoense SEQ ID NO: 52 NtACP2Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP2 from Nicotianatabacum SEQ ID NO: 53 NtACP2 protein Amino acid sequence of an Acylcarrier protein ACP2 from Nicotiana tabacum SEQ ID NO: 54 PhACP2Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP2 from Petuniahybrida SEQ ID NO: 55 PhACP2 protein Amino acid sequence of an Acylcarrier protein ACP2 from Petunia hybrida SEQ ID NO: 56 CaACP2Polynucleotide sequence of an Acyl carrier protein ACP2 from Capsicumannum SEQ ID NO: 57 CaACP2 protein Amino acid sequence of an Acylcarrier protein ACP2 from Capsicum annum SEQ ID NO: 58 LeMKS1 homologPolynucleotide sequence of an MKS1 homolog from L. esculentum SEQ ID NO:59 StMKS1 homolog Polynucleotide sequence of an MKS1 homolog from S.tuberosum SEQ ID NO: 60 NtMKS1 homolog Polynucleotide sequence of anMKS1 homolog from N. tabacum SEQ ID NO: 61 CaMKS1 homolog Polynucleotidesequence of an MKS1 homolog from C. annum SEQ ID NO: 62 Act7 intron 558nucleotide actin 7 intron sequence from A. thaliana

Example 3

This example describes generation of tomato or soybean transgenic hairyroots expressing MKS and the nematode infection assay. Hairy rootcultures allow the rapid growth of root tissue on a large scale whichcan be used for testing the effectiveness of the gene of interest as setforth herein, for controlling plant parasitic nematode infestation of acrop plant. Hairy roots are characterized by fast growth, frequentbranching, plagiotropism, and the ability to synthesize the samecompounds as the roots of the intact plant (David et al., Biotechnology2:73-76, 1984). Transfer and integration of the genes located on theroot-inducing plasmid Ri of Agrobacterium rhizogenes into the plantgenome and their expression therein (White and Nester, J Bacteriol.,141:1134-1141, 1980). These types of roots continue to grow in vitro onhormone-free medium and also exhibit a high degree of genetic stability(Aird et al., Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 15: 47-57, 1988). The naturalability of the soil bacterium A. rhizogenes to transform genes into ahost plant genome results in roots being formed at the site ofinfection. Infection of the plant with A. rhizogenes, leads to theintegration and expression of T-DNA in the plant genome, which causesdevelopment of a hairy root. Hairy root cultures grow rapidly, showplagiotropic root growth and are highly branched on hormone-free medium.

For soybean hairy roots, A. rhizogenes strain K599 is grown andmaintained on LB, minimal A, or yeast extract and peptone (YEP) media.Methods for generation of transgenic tomato hairy root cultures forevaluating lesion or root knot nematodes are not significantly differentother than the use of A. rhizogenes D1 strain. Soybean seeds aresurface-sterilized by setting in chlorine gas under controlledconditions for 12-16 hours, and then aerating in a clean air hood for atleast 30 minutes. Seeds are germinated in Petri dishes containing ¼ MS.

The hypocotyl or cotyledons of 6-days-old seedlings are wounded using ascalpel. The wounded cotyledons are then immersed in freshly grown A.rhizogenes containing the construct and subsequently vacuum infiltrated.Cotyledons are cultured under the same conditions used for seedgermination with the exception that the antibiotic cefotaxime is addedto the ¼ MS agar plates to prevent the A. rhizogenes from subsequentgrowth. Adventitious roots are excised from hypocotyls or cotyledonsinoculated with A. rhizogenes. The putative transformed roots arecultured on Gamborg's B-5 agar containing 3% sucrose plus 3 g/1 Gelrite,BASTA, and cefotaxime). Roots passing selection are transferred to freshmedia and maintained. Cultured roots are maintained in an incubator,without light, set at 24-30° C. Roots are maintained on Gamborg's B-5agar. A piece of root tip is excised and transferred to fresh mediumevery 2-4 weeks.

Following hairy root line selection, roots for the plant nematodebioassay are transferred to fresh plates containing Gamborg's B-5 mediumand allowed to grow for approximately two weeks to provide sufficienttissue for nematode infection before inoculation with a mixed populationof root lesion nematodes or second-stage juveniles of soybean cystnematode (SCN) or root knot nematode (RKN). Individual hairy root tipsare placed on infection plates. 20 plates are used for testingtransformed roots for reaction to lesion, SCN or RKN. Each platecontains a transformed root from a separate integration. An additional20 plates containing a transformed lesion susceptible, SCN-susceptibleor RKN-susceptible control and an additional 20 plates containing atransformed SCN-resistant or RKN-resistant control are also tested.Transformed controls are empty vectors. Plates are then inoculated withapproximately 400 axenic lesion worms or 1000 sterile H. glycines J2s or450 sterile M. incognita J2s and incubated at 26-28 ° C. (SCN or RKN) or25 ° C. or 30 ° C. (lesion nematode).

Approximately six weeks after inoculation with M. incognita or fiveweeks after inoculation with H. glycines, infected tomato or soybeanhairy roots are removed from the agar plates and the number of galls orcysts counted. For SCN hairy root plates cysts are counted directly,whereas for RKN gall numbers may be estimated. Gall scores are weightedestimates based on size. A scale is created at the beginning of scoringprocess. The smallest galls are given a score of 1 and as the galledareas become larger the gall score increases. The scale is then used torate each gall on each plate in the experiment. Egg numbers are alsoscored at 42 days for RKN infections in tomato hairy roots. At 42 dayspost-infection, plates are microwaved and sieved to collect the roots.The roots are weighed, then blended in a 10% bleach solution and pouredover a series of sieves to remove the root debris and collect the eggs.Eggs are removed from each plate and are counted. For lesion nematodes,plates are harvested after approximately 56 days by placing roots inglass bowls filled with sterilized water containing 50 mg/Lcarbenicillin and 50 mg/L kanamycin. After 9-10 days to allow the wormsto exit the roots, the worms are counted under a microscope. Todetermine weights, root bowls are then microwaved to melt the agar androots are collected with a sieve. The extra water is absorbed with apaper towel and the root weights recorded.

Axenic lesion, SCN and RKN larvae are prepared for use with the hairyroot culture system. Axenic SCN J2s are produced as follows. Cleansoybean cyst nematode eggs (i.e., eggs with soil and other debrisremoved) are collected and placed in a 50 ml centrifuge vial containing30 ml of a 10% bleach solution. The bleach solution is mildly agitatedand then left to settle for 2-3 minutes. The vial is mildly agitatedagain to re-suspend the eggs and then centrifuged for 1 minute at 1000rpm. Under a sterile hood, the bleach solution is removed into areceptacle and 25 ml of sterile water is added into the vial of eggs.The vial is recapped under the sterile hood, mildly agitated tore-suspend the eggs and centrifuged for 1 minute at 1000 rpm. Under thesterile hood, this liquid is poured off and 25 ml of sterile water isagain placed in the vial. The vial is recapped under the sterile hoodand the process of agitation and centrifugation repeated. This processof washing the eggs with sterile water is repeated approximately 4 timesto thoroughly rinse the bleach from the eggs. Following the last rinseunder the sterile hood the liquid is removed leaving about 1-2 ml of eggconcentrate. Axenic eggs are hatched by incubating them on the surfaceof moist filter paper resting in a solution of 5 mM zinc sulfate justdeep enough to cover the surface of the filter paper. After 2-3 days J2larvae are collected in the solution underneath the filter paper. J2sare centrifuged and further cleaned using chlorhexidine (Atkinson etal., J. Nematol. 28:209-215, 1996).

Axenic RKN larvae are prepared by collecting eggs by placing chopped RKNinfected roots into a blender with a sufficient quantity of 10% bleachsolution. The blender is pulsed on/off for 5 second intervals. Thisprocess is repeated 5-6 times. The root slurry is the passed through aseries of sieves where the eggs and small debris are collected in a 500micron sieve. Any remaining bleach solution is thoroughly rinsed fromthis egg/debris. Twenty milliliters of the egg/debris is added to a 50ml conical tube and 20 ml of a 40% sucrose solution is added into thebottom of the tube, bringing the total volume to 40 milliliters. Thissolution is then centrifuged at 3750 rpm for 5 minutes to separate theeggs from the debris. After centrifugation, the eggs are removed andthoroughly rinsed to remove any remaining sucrose solution. Eggs arethen placed into a hatch bowl containing filter paper moistened withjust enough aerated tap water to cover the eggs. After 1-2 days J2larvae are collected in the solution underneath the filter paper. J2larvae are centrifuged and further cleaned using chlorhexidine (Atkinsonet al. (1996, see above).

Axenic lesion larvae are prepared from lesion nematodes grown on cornexplant plates. The nematodes are harvested by placing roots with mediumonto filter paper supported by a wire sieve in a sterilized glass bowlwhich has been filled with sterilized water containing 50 mg/Lcarbenicillin and 50 mg/L kanamycin. The amount of the water issufficient to submerge the agar, and the bowls are stored at roomtemperature (25° C.) for two days. The sieve is removed and the solutionpoured into a 50 ml conical tube, which was then centrifuged for 5minutes at 3500 x g at room temperature. After the worms settle to thebottom of the tube (further 15 minute incubation), the supernatant isdecanted. Sterilized water is then added to the worm pellet containing12 mg/L of the antifungal compound Imazilil and 50 mg/L kanamycin.

The following are results found after the transgenic expression ofvarious combinations of promoters, transit peptides and methylketonesynthase coding sequences for control of plant parasitic nematodeinfections in hairy roots. SCN cysts in the transgenic soybean hairyroot inoculated plates are counted and the average number of cysts perreplication (Rep 1 and Rep 2) tabulated. The results shown in Table 5demonstrate that transgenic soybean roots containing the chimericCTP-methylketone synthase coding region provides resistance to SCNinfection, where all treatments having a heterologous CTP fused to amethylketone synthase show a reduction in the average cyst countscompared to the transgenic empty vector control, 4211. The constructsthat lack a heterologous CTP (FMV-LsMKS1 and FMV-LhMKS1) do not show areduction in cyst counts.

TABLE 5 Transgenic soybean roots expressing MKS reduce SCN infection(cysts). control Test constructs Test constructs D4211 E35S-ctp2/mks1E35S-ctp4/mks1 Rep 1 31.4 12.6 21.9 Rep 2 18.3  9.1 — 4211E35Sp-ctp2/mks1 E35Sp-ctp4/mks1 Rep 1 19.4 17.6 13   Rep 2 18.4 11.213.7 4211 FMV-ctp2/LsMKS1 E35Sp-ctp2/LsMKS1 Rep 1 33   16.5 19.3 Rep 225.4 15   22.9 4211 FMV-LsMKS1 (no CTP) FMV-LhMKS1 (no CTP) Rep 1 21  27   23   Rep 2 18   17   18  

As can be seen in table 6 below, the expression of MKS constructscontaining CTP leaders either with or without certain targeted activesite mutations leads to reduction in the ability of root knot nematodeto infect plants roots. In addition to the elements listed in the tableabove, the constructs shown contain a ˜540 nucleotide actin 7 intronincorporated into the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the fusedmethylketone synthase transcript and a visual fluorescent DsRED marker(driven by the FMV promoter) co-expressed in the T-DNA, downstream ofthe MKS open reading frame.

TABLE 6 Transgenic tomato roots expressing MKS reduce root knot nematodeinfection (eggs). control Test construct Test construct Test construct8221 E35sp-ctp2/LsMKS1 E35sp-ctp2/ E35sp-ctp2/ LsMKS1_sN LsMKS1_sd1884.5 968.5 — 1333.4 3059.8 1927.4 — 1558 716.7 — 283.3 298.1

As can be seen in table 7 below, the expression of MKS constructscontaining CTP leaders either with or without certain targeted activesite mutations leads to reduction in the ability of root lesionnematodes to infect plants roots. In addition to the elements listed inthe table above, the constructs shown contain a ˜540 nucleotide actin 7intron incorporated into the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the fusedmethylketone synthase transcript and a visual fluorescent DsRED marker(driven by the FMV promoter) co-expressed in the T-DNA, downstream ofthe MKS open reading frame.

TABLE 7 Transgenic tomato roots expressing MKS reduce lesion nematodeinfection (larvae). control Test construct Test construct Test construct8221 E35sp-ctp2/LsMKS1 E35sp-ctp2/ E35sp-ctp2/ LsMKS1_sN LsMKS1_sd5857.8 4842.4 3926.2 4897.2

Example 4

This example describes a plant transformation method useful in producingtransgenic soybean plants and transgenic seed. Other methods are knownin the art of plant cell transformation that can be applied using theDNA constructs of the present invention.

For Agrobacterium mediated transformation, soybean seeds are germinatedovernight and the meristem explants excised (see U.S. Pat. No.7,002,058). The meristems and the explants are placed in a woundingvessel. Soybean explants and induced Agrobacterium cells from a straincontaining plasmid DNA with the expression cassettes of the presentinvention and a plant selectable marker cassette are mixed within about14 hours from the time of initiation of seed germination and woundedusing sonication. Following wounding, explants are placed in co-culturefor 2-5 days at which point they are transferred to selection media for6-8 weeks to allow selection and growth of transgenic shoots. Traitpositive shoots are harvested after approximately 6-8 weeks and placedinto selective rooting media for 2-3 weeks. Shoots producing roots aretransferred to the greenhouse and potted in soil. Shoots that remainhealthy on selection but that do not produce roots are transferred tonon-selective rooting media for an additional two weeks. Roots from anyshoots that produce roots off selection are tested for expression of theplant selectable marker before they are transferred to the greenhouseand potted in soil. Additionally, a DNA construct can be transferredinto the genome of a soybean cell by particle bombardment and the cellregenerated into a fertile soybean plant as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,015,580.

Transgenic soybean plant cells are transformed with recombinant DNA ofthis invention. Progeny transgenic plants and seed of the transformedplant cells are selected that provide pest resistance, especiallynematode resistance.

Example 5

A soybean cyst nematode pot assay is used to evaluate the resistance oftransgenic soybean plants comprising the methylketone synthase codingsequence to infection by and reproduction of the soybean cyst nematode(Heterodera glycines) on roots. Three or four inch diameter square potsare filled with clean sand and watered thoroughly. Transgenic andcontrol soybean seeds, or alternatively any rooted plant parts, areplanted one per pot in the center of the pot and watered well to removeair pockets. The pots are incubated in the greenhouse or growth chamberat 20° C. to 30° C. until the plants reached a suitable age forinoculation. Soybeans started from seed are typically inoculated 2-3weeks after planting, while transplants are inoculated 1-3 days afterplanting. The test inoculum consists of eggs from ripe H. glycines cystscollected from the soil and roots of infested soybean plants. A 250micron mesh sieve is used to collect the cysts, which are then crushedin a Tenbroeck glass tissue homogenizer to release the eggs. The eggsare further purified by sieving and centrifugation over 40 percentsucrose solution at 4000 RPM for 5 minutes. Inoculum for an experimentconsisted of water containing 500 vermiform eggs per mL. Five mL of theegg suspension is applied over the surface of the sand containing thetest plants and the eggs arc lightly watered in. The test plants arethen returned to the greenhouse or growth chamber and incubated for 3-4weeks to allow for root infection and cyst formation. The roots are thenharvested by gently removing the pot and sand and rinsing in water. Theseverity of nematode infection is measured by counting the number ofnematode cysts adhering to the root system. Alternatively, the sand androots could be diluted in water and passed over a 250 micron sieve tocollect and concentrate the cysts for storage or counting.

Example 6

This example describes the detection and measurement of the recombinantDNA construct in the transgenic plant cell. Detecting or measuringtranscription of the recombinant DNA construct in the transgenic plantcell of the invention can be achieved by any suitable method, includingprotein detection methods (for example, western blots, ELISAs, and otherimmunochemical methods), measurements of enzymatic activity, or nucleicacid detection methods (for example, Southern blots, northern blots,PCR, RT-PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization). Such methods are wellknown to those of ordinary skill in the art as evidenced by the numeroushandbooks available; see, for example, Joseph Sambrook and David W.Russell, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” (third edition), ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, 2001; Frederick M. Ausubel et al.(editors) “Short Protocols in Molecular Biology” (fifth edition), JohnWiley and Sons, 2002; John M. Walker (editor) “Protein ProtocolsHandbook” (second edition), Humana Press, 2002; and Leandro Peña(editor) “Transgenic Plants: Methods and Protocols”, Humana Press, 2004.

DNA sequence information provided by the invention allows for thepreparation of relatively short DNA (or RNA) sequences having theability to specifically hybridize to DNA sequences of the selectedpolynucleotides disclosed herein. The polynucleotides disclosed in thepresent invention include SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54,56, 58, 59, 60, and 61. In these aspects, nucleic acid probes of anappropriate length are prepared. The ability of the nucleic acid probesto specifically hybridize to one or more of these gene coding sequenceslends them particular utility in a variety of embodiments. Mostimportantly, the probes may be used in a variety of assays for detectingthe presence of complementary sequences in a given sample.

In certain embodiments, it is advantageous to use oligonucleotideprimers. The sequence of such primers is designed using a portion of apolynucleotide sequence of the present invention to be homologous orcomplementary to the sequence for use in detecting, amplifying a definedpolynucleotide segment using PCR™ technology (A Guide to Methods andApplications, Academic Press: San Diego, 1990). PCR primer pairs can bederived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programsintended for that purpose such as Primer (Version 0.5,© (1991, WhiteheadInstitute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Mass.). Primers and probesbased on the sequences disclosed herein can be used to confirm and, ifnecessary, to modify the disclosed sequences by conventional methods,for example, by re-cloning and re-sequencing. Exemplary PCR reactionconditions may include: Component Amount/Volume required sub-libraryaliquot 1 μl Gene-specific primer 1, 1 μl (100 pmol, GenomeWalker™)Adaptor primer 1 (AP1), 1 μl dNTP mix (10 mM of each dNTP), 1 μl DMSO2.5 μl (or 2-5% final concentration) 10× PCR buffer, 5 μl (finalconcentration of 1×) Amplitaq Gold™, 0.5 μl distilled water for finalreaction volume of 50 μl reaction conditions for primary PCR:

A. 9 minutes at 95° C.;

B. 94° C. for 2 seconds, 70° C. for 3 minutes; repeat 94° C/70° C.cycling for total of 7 times;

C. 94° C. for 2 seconds, 65° C. for 3 minutes; repeat 94° C/65° C.cycling for total of 36 times;

D. 65° C. for 4 minutes as a final extension;

E. 10° C. for an extended incubation

NESTED PCR (secondary PCR reaction) Component Amount/Volume Required1:50 dilution of the primary PCR reaction; 1 μl Gene-specific primer 2;1 μl (100 pmol, GenomeWalker™ Adaptor primer 2; 1 μl or 3 (AP2 or AP3),dNTP mix (10 mM of each dNTP); 1 μl DMSO; 2.5 μl 10× PCR buffercontaining MgC1_(2;) 5 μl (final concentration of 1×) Amplitaq Gold™;0.5 μl distilled water to final reaction volume of 50 μl reaction.Conditions for Nested PCR:

A. 9 minutes at 95° C.;

B. 94° C. for 2 seconds, 70° C. for 3 minutes; repeat 94° C/70° C.cycling for total of 5 times;

C. 94° C. for 2 seconds, 65° C. for 3 minutes; repeat 94° C/65° C.cycling for total of 24 times;

D. 65° C. for 4 minutes as a final extension;

E. 10° C. for an extended incubation.

PCR conditions can be modified from the described conditions by thoseskilled in the method to produce an amplicon.

Detection of foreign gene expression in transgenic plant is monitored byan immunological method for example ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbentassays) for a quantitative determination of the level of correspondingprotein obtained. Quantitative determination of the encoded protein inthe leaves of transgenic plants is performed using ELISA, for example asdisclosed in Clark et al.,: ELISA Techniques. In: Weissbach A, WeissbachH (eds) Methods in Enzymology 118:742-766, Academic Press, Florida(1986).

All publications and patents referenced herein are intended to be hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety.

1. A polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a polypeptidecomprising a plant methylketone synthase and a heterologous transitpeptide operably linked to the plant methylketone synthase, wherein theplant methylketone synthase has at least 90% identity to a polypeptidesequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3 and 5 2.(canceled)
 3. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the transit peptideis a chloroplast transit peptide.
 4. The polynucleotide of claim 3,wherein the chloroplast transit peptide is selected from the groupconsisting of an EPSPS chloroplast transit peptide, a small subunitribulose-1,5,-bisphosphate carboxylase chloroplast transit peptide, aferredoxin chloroplast transit peptide, a ferredoxin oxidoreductasechloroplast transit peptide, a light-harvesting complex protein I andprotein II chloroplast transit peptide, and a thioredoxin F chloroplasttransit peptide.
 5. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the sequenceencoding the plant methylketone synthase exhibits at least about 80%percent sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 and
 4. 6. A construct comprising thepolynucleotide of claim 1 operably linked to a promoter functional inplants.
 7. A plant cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim
 1. 8. Theplant cell of claim 7, wherein the transit peptide is a chloroplasttransit peptide.
 9. The plant cell of claim 7, wherein said plant cellis from a seed, root, leaf, shoot, flower, pollen, or ovule.
 10. Theplant cell of claim 7, wherein said cell produces a methylketone. 11.The plant cell of claim 10, wherein said methylketone is 2-undecanon;2-tridecanone, or 2-pentadecanone.
 12. The plant cell of claim 7,wherein said cell is a crop plant cell.
 13. The plant cell of claim 7,wherein said cell is from a plant selected from the group selected fromcotton, soybean, canola, corn, wheat, rice, sunflower, sorghum,sugarcane, potato, tomato, and a tree.
 14. A plant or a part thereofcomprising the polynucleotide of claim
 1. 15. The plant or part thereofof claim 14, wherein the part thereof is selected from the groupconsisting of a seed, pollen, a root, a leaf, a shoot, a flower and anovule.
 16. A processed product comprising a plant tissue comprising thepolynucleotide of claim
 1. 17. The processed product of claim 16,selected from the group consisting of meal, flour, oil, hay, starch,juice, protein extract, and fiber.
 18. A method for controlling apathogen or pest in a plant comprising expressing in the plant theconstruct of claim
 6. 19. The method for controlling a pathogen or pestin a plant of claim 18, wherein the polynucleotide sequence comprises asequence that encodes a second heterologous transit peptide operablylinked to a sequence that encodes an acyl carrier protein.
 20. Themethod of claim 19, wherein the pathogen or pest is a nematode.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, wherein the nematode is selected from the groupconsisting of Heterodera species, Globodera species, Meloidogynespecies, Rotylenchulus species, Hoplolaimus species, Belonolaimusspecies, Pratylenchus species, Longidorus species, Paratrichodorusspecies, Ditylenchus species, Xiphinema species, Dolichodorus species,Helicotylenchus species, Radopholus species, Hirschmanniella species,Tylenchorhynchus species, and Trichodorus species.
 22. The method ofclaim 19, wherein the pathogen or pest is an insect pest.
 23. The methodof claim 22, wherein the insect pest is selected from the groupconsisting of Diabrotica, Diaprepes, Pachnaeus, Asynonychus, Lycoriella,Sciara, Stenophlus, and Bradysia.
 24. A method of producing seed,comprising crossing the plant of claim 14 with itself or a second plant.25. The method of producing seed of claim 24, wherein the polynucleotidesequence comprises a sequence that encodes a second heterologous transitpeptide operably linked to a sequence that encodes an acyl carrierprotein.
 26. The polynucleotide of claim 1, further comprising asequence that encodes a second heterologous transit peptide operablylinked to a sequence that encodes an acyl carrier protein.
 27. Thepolynucleotide of claim 26, wherein said sequence that encodes a secondheterologous transit peptide operably linked to a sequence that encodesan acyl carrier protein encodes a polypeptide that comprises an aminoacid sequence exhibiting at least about 85% identity to a polypeptideselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51,53, 55, and
 57. 28. The polynucleotide of claim 26, wherein said secondtransit peptide is a chloroplast transit peptide.
 29. The polynucleotideof claim 26, wherein said second transit peptide is selected from thegroup consisting of an EPSPS chloroplast transit peptide, a smallsubunit ribulose-1,5,-bisphosphate carboxylase chloroplast transitpeptide, a ferredoxin chloroplast transit peptide, a ferredoxinoxidoreductase chloroplast transit peptide, a light-harvesting complexprotein I and protein II chloroplast transit peptide, and a thioredoxinF chloroplast transit peptide.
 30. The polynucleotide of claim 26,wherein said sequence that encodes a second heterologous transit peptideoperably linked to a sequence that encodes an acyl carrier proteinexhibits at least about 80% sequence identity to a polynucleotidesequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40, 42, 44,46, 48, 50, 52, 54, and
 56. 31. The plant cell of claim 7, wherein thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a sequence that encodes a secondheterologous transit peptide operably linked to a sequence that encodesan acyl carrier protein.
 32. The plant or part thereof of claim 14,wherein the polynucleotide sequence comprises a sequence that encodes asecond heterologous transit peptide operably linked to a sequence thatencodes an acyl carrier protein.
 33. A processed product of a plant,plant part, seed or progeny, wherein the product comprises the plantcell of claim
 7. 34. The processed product of claim 33, wherein theprocessed product is selected from the group consisting of meal, flour,oil, hay, starch, juice, protein extract, and fiber.
 35. Thepolynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide comprises an aminoacid sequence with at least 95% identity to a polypeptide sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3 and 5.